Background: Direct sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-poor countries. However, the requirement for repeated visits to submit specimens and receive results is associated with considerable diagnostic delay, work load, patients drop-out and high expenses for patients. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently changed its policy from spot morning spot (SMS) to spot morning (SM), the SM method still involves two days visits for a patient. Objective: This study evaluated the yield of first spot double slides smears for the diagnosis of PTB in high TB setting. Methods: A total of 362 patients who visited the out-patient department (OPD) of Dilla referral hospital and who were suspected of PTB were involved in the study. In addition SMS sputum samples were collected; double slides smears were prepared, stained by the Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) method and 100 fields were examined under oil immersion objective for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Results: Of 362, 54(14.92%) were smear-positives. Out of the 54 smear positive subjects, 53 (98.15%) were positives by the first spot specimen. Additionally, 1 of 54 (1.85%) were positives by the morning specimen. Using the 2-day protocol (SMS) among 362 patients, 54(14.92%) were smear positives by double slides and 53(14.64%) by single slide smears. Whereas using the 1-day protocol (first spot); among 362 patients, 53(14.64%) were smear positives both in double slides and single slide smears. Conclusion: The double slides smears from the first spot sputum samples appeared to be as effective as SMS strategy for the diagnosis of PTB though additional studies are required under various settings.
| Published in | International Journal of Immunology (Volume 3, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11 |
| Page(s) | 52-56 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Microscopy, AFB, Sputum, PTB
| [1] | World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: WHO Report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland. |
| [2] | Olsen SR, Long R, Tyrrell G, Kunimoto D: Utilization of induced sputum and bronchoscopy for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 2008, 134: 154001. |
| [3] | Rao S. Sputum smear microscopy in DOTS: Are three samples necessary? An analysis and its implication in tuberculosis control. Lung India 2009, 26:3-4. |
| [4] | Ramsay A, Yassin MA, Cambanis A, Hirao S, Almotawa A, Gammo M, Lawson L, Arbide I, Al-Aghbari N, Al-Sonboli N, Sherchand JB, Gauchan P, Cuevas LE: Front -Loading Sputum Microscopy Services: An Opportunity to Optimize Smear-Based Case Detection of Tuberculosis in High Prevalence Countries. J Trop Med 2009, 2009: doi:10.1155/2009/398767. |
| [5] | Bonnet M, Ramsay A, Gagnidze L, Githui W, Guerin PJ, Varaine F. Reducing the number of sputum samples examined and thresholds for positivity: an opportunity to optimize smear microscopy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007, 11: 953–8. |
| [6] | Yassin MA, Cuevas LE: How many sputum smears are necessary for case finding in pulmonary tuberculosis? Trop Med Int Health 2003, 8: 927–32. |
| [7] | Saleem S, Shabbir I, Iqbal R, Khan SU: Value of Three Sputum Smears Microscopy in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Pak J Med Res 2007, 46. |
| [8] | Wu ZL, Wang AQ: Diagnostic yield of repeated smear microscopy examinations among patients suspected of pulmonary TB in Shandong province of of China. Int. J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000, 4: 1086-7. |
| [9] | Mathew Ph, Kuo YH, Vazirani B, Robert H, Eng K, Weinstein MP. Are three sputum acid-fast bacillus smears necessary for discontinuing tuberculosis isolation?. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40: 3482-84. |
| [10] | Gopi PG, Subramani R, SelvakumarN, Santha T, Eusuff SI, Narayanan PR: Smear examination of two specimens for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Tiruvallur District, south India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004, 8: 824–8. |
| [11] | Laniado-Laborin R, Bothamley G, Boyd A, Dalay V, Ganiats T, Groessl E, et al: Are three sputum specimens necessary to diagnosis pulmonary tuberculosis? Chest 2006, 130: 94S-d-95. |
| [12] | Muvunyi CM, Masaisa F, Bayingana C, Musemakweri A, Mutesa L, Hernandez TC: Prevalence and diagnostic aspects of sputum smear positive tuberculosis cases at a tertiary care institution in Rwanda. Afr J Microbiol Research 2010, 4: 088-091. |
| [13] | Mase SR, Ramsay A, Ng V, Henry M, Hopewell PC, Cunningham J, Urbanczik R, Perkins MD, Aziz MA, Pai M: Yield of serial sputum specimen examinations in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007, 11:485-95. |
| [14] | Ozakutuk A, Terek G, Coban H, Esen N: Is it valuable to examine more than one sputum smear per patient for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis? Jpn J Infect Dis 2007, 60:73-5. |
| [15] | Cambanis A, Yassin MA, Ramsay A, Squire SB, Arbide I, Cuevas LE: A one-day method for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in rural Ethiopia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006, 10: 230-2. |
| [16] | Rawat J, Biswas D, Sindhwani G, Masih V. An alternative 1-day smears microscopy protocol for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Respirol 2010, 15:1127–30 |
| [17] | World Health Organization. Tropical diseases research: WHO report 2000. Geneva, Switzerland. |
| [18] | Standard operating procedure for Bacteriology. Staining solution preparation and reporting system: SOP document 2011. Dilla referral hospital: SOP, 2011:12:3-6. |
| [19] | World Health Organization. Laboratory services in tuberculosis control: WHO report 1998.Geneva: WHO/TB98.258. |
| [20] | Jagdish R, Debasis B, Girish S, Victor M. An alternative 1-day smears microscopy protocol for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. J. A. P. S. R. 2010; 17:7:1127–1130. |
| [21] | Ministry of Health. Manual for Laboratory Technicians 2nd edn: Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme: MOH report 2008. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: MOH, 2008. |
| [22] | Chang KC, Leung CC, Yew WW, Tam CM. Supervised and induced sputum among patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2008, 31:1085–90. |
APA Style
Basha Ayele Dersie. (2015). The Yield of First Spot Double Slide Smears for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. International Journal of Immunology, 3(5), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11
ACS Style
Basha Ayele Dersie. The Yield of First Spot Double Slide Smears for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Int. J. Immunol. 2015, 3(5), 52-56. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11
AMA Style
Basha Ayele Dersie. The Yield of First Spot Double Slide Smears for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Int J Immunol. 2015;3(5):52-56. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11,
author = {Basha Ayele Dersie},
title = {The Yield of First Spot Double Slide Smears for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis},
journal = {International Journal of Immunology},
volume = {3},
number = {5},
pages = {52-56},
doi = {10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.iji.20150305.11},
abstract = {Background: Direct sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-poor countries. However, the requirement for repeated visits to submit specimens and receive results is associated with considerable diagnostic delay, work load, patients drop-out and high expenses for patients. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently changed its policy from spot morning spot (SMS) to spot morning (SM), the SM method still involves two days visits for a patient. Objective: This study evaluated the yield of first spot double slides smears for the diagnosis of PTB in high TB setting. Methods: A total of 362 patients who visited the out-patient department (OPD) of Dilla referral hospital and who were suspected of PTB were involved in the study. In addition SMS sputum samples were collected; double slides smears were prepared, stained by the Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) method and 100 fields were examined under oil immersion objective for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Results: Of 362, 54(14.92%) were smear-positives. Out of the 54 smear positive subjects, 53 (98.15%) were positives by the first spot specimen. Additionally, 1 of 54 (1.85%) were positives by the morning specimen. Using the 2-day protocol (SMS) among 362 patients, 54(14.92%) were smear positives by double slides and 53(14.64%) by single slide smears. Whereas using the 1-day protocol (first spot); among 362 patients, 53(14.64%) were smear positives both in double slides and single slide smears. Conclusion: The double slides smears from the first spot sputum samples appeared to be as effective as SMS strategy for the diagnosis of PTB though additional studies are required under various settings.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - The Yield of First Spot Double Slide Smears for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis AU - Basha Ayele Dersie Y1 - 2015/10/16 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11 DO - 10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11 T2 - International Journal of Immunology JF - International Journal of Immunology JO - International Journal of Immunology SP - 52 EP - 56 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2329-1753 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20150305.11 AB - Background: Direct sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-poor countries. However, the requirement for repeated visits to submit specimens and receive results is associated with considerable diagnostic delay, work load, patients drop-out and high expenses for patients. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently changed its policy from spot morning spot (SMS) to spot morning (SM), the SM method still involves two days visits for a patient. Objective: This study evaluated the yield of first spot double slides smears for the diagnosis of PTB in high TB setting. Methods: A total of 362 patients who visited the out-patient department (OPD) of Dilla referral hospital and who were suspected of PTB were involved in the study. In addition SMS sputum samples were collected; double slides smears were prepared, stained by the Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) method and 100 fields were examined under oil immersion objective for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Results: Of 362, 54(14.92%) were smear-positives. Out of the 54 smear positive subjects, 53 (98.15%) were positives by the first spot specimen. Additionally, 1 of 54 (1.85%) were positives by the morning specimen. Using the 2-day protocol (SMS) among 362 patients, 54(14.92%) were smear positives by double slides and 53(14.64%) by single slide smears. Whereas using the 1-day protocol (first spot); among 362 patients, 53(14.64%) were smear positives both in double slides and single slide smears. Conclusion: The double slides smears from the first spot sputum samples appeared to be as effective as SMS strategy for the diagnosis of PTB though additional studies are required under various settings. VL - 3 IS - 5 ER -
Email: