Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation

Jacob Kihila; Kelvin Mark Mtei; Karoli Nicholas Njau

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16

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Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation

Jacob Kihila, Kelvin Mark Mtei, Karoli Nicholas Njau

Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 2, Issue 5)

Received: 2 September 2014 Accepted: 25 September 2014 Published: 10 October 2014

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Abstract

Water reuse is one of the alternatives to counteract the already experienced water shortages. However water reuse as any other investment is associated with costs. This article looks at water reuse for irrigation as one of the areas that has recently gained attention. However, water reuse requires a prior installation of wastewater treatment and the irrigation systems of which all requires financial resources. Analysis of the costs and benefits of water reuse remains one of the key tools for decision making. Unfortunately there has been no universal way for doing cost benefit analysis that can fit all reuse applications and the local settings. The objective of this study was to customize the existing water reuse cost benefit analysis methods and develop cost benefit analysis for water reuse in irrigation. The net benefit value approach was studied, examined and modified to incorporate all the relevant cost items and benefits associated with water reuse in irrigation. Based on the approach developed a discussion have been made whereby it was evident that the main cost elements for water reuse in irrigation are those associated with land for installations, the treatment plant and the irrigation systems involving their installations, operation and maintenance. On the other hand it has been shown that the main elements for benefits are related to natural resources recovered, improved agricultural production and the environmental benefits.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16
Page(s)	179-184
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cost Benefit Analysis, Wastewater Treatment, Water Reuse, Irrigation Cost

References

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[4]	A. H. M. J. Alobaidy, Al-Sameraiy, M. A., Kadhem, A. J. and Majeed, A. A.,Evaluation of Treated Municipal Wastewater Quality for Irrigation, Journal of Environmental Protection, 1 3, 2010, pp. 216-225.
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[8]	M. Molinos-Senante, Hernández-Sancho, F. and Sala-Garrido, R.,Cost-benefit analysis of water-reuse projects for environmental purposes: A case study for spanish wastewater treatment plants, Journal of Environmental Management, 92 12, 2011, pp. 3091-3097.
[9]	I. Hussain, Raschid, L., Hanjra, M. A., Marikar, F. and Hoek, W., Wastewater use in agriculture: Review of impacts and methodological issues in valuing impacts, International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2002.
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[14]	WHO, Guidelines for the safe use of Wastewater, Excreta and greywater, Wastewater use in agriculture, WHO Press, Geneva, 2006.
[15]	J. Kihila, Mtei, K. M. and Njau, K. N., "Wastewater Treatment for reuse in Urban Agriculture, The case of Moshi Municipality, Tanzania" [In preparation]
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APA Style

Jacob Kihila, Kelvin Mark Mtei, Karoli Nicholas Njau. (2014). Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 2(5), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16

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ACS Style

Jacob Kihila; Kelvin Mark Mtei; Karoli Nicholas Njau. Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2014, 2(5), 179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16

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AMA Style

Jacob Kihila, Kelvin Mark Mtei, Karoli Nicholas Njau. Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2014;2(5):179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16,
  author = {Jacob Kihila and Kelvin Mark Mtei and Karoli Nicholas Njau},
  title = {Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {179-184},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20140205.16},
  abstract = {Water reuse is one of the alternatives to counteract the already experienced water shortages. However water reuse as any other investment is associated with costs. This article looks at water reuse for irrigation as one of the areas that has recently gained attention. However, water reuse requires a prior installation of wastewater treatment and the irrigation systems of which all requires financial resources. Analysis of the costs and benefits of water reuse remains one of the key tools for decision making. Unfortunately there has been no universal way for doing cost benefit analysis that can fit all reuse applications and the local settings. The objective of this study was to customize the existing water reuse cost benefit analysis methods and develop cost benefit analysis for water reuse in irrigation. The net benefit value approach was studied, examined and modified to incorporate all the relevant cost items and benefits associated with water reuse in irrigation. Based on the approach developed a discussion have been made whereby it was evident  that the main cost elements for water reuse in irrigation are those associated with land for installations, the treatment plant and the irrigation systems involving their installations, operation and maintenance. On the other hand it has been shown that the main elements for benefits are related to natural resources recovered, improved agricultural production and the environmental benefits.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation
AU  - Jacob Kihila
AU  - Kelvin Mark Mtei
AU  - Karoli Nicholas Njau
Y1  - 2014/10/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 179
EP  - 184
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16
AB  - Water reuse is one of the alternatives to counteract the already experienced water shortages. However water reuse as any other investment is associated with costs. This article looks at water reuse for irrigation as one of the areas that has recently gained attention. However, water reuse requires a prior installation of wastewater treatment and the irrigation systems of which all requires financial resources. Analysis of the costs and benefits of water reuse remains one of the key tools for decision making. Unfortunately there has been no universal way for doing cost benefit analysis that can fit all reuse applications and the local settings. The objective of this study was to customize the existing water reuse cost benefit analysis methods and develop cost benefit analysis for water reuse in irrigation. The net benefit value approach was studied, examined and modified to incorporate all the relevant cost items and benefits associated with water reuse in irrigation. Based on the approach developed a discussion have been made whereby it was evident  that the main cost elements for water reuse in irrigation are those associated with land for installations, the treatment plant and the irrigation systems involving their installations, operation and maintenance. On the other hand it has been shown that the main elements for benefits are related to natural resources recovered, improved agricultural production and the environmental benefits.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Jacob Kihila

Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
Kelvin Mark Mtei

Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
Karoli Nicholas Njau

Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Jacob Kihila, Kelvin Mark Mtei, Karoli Nicholas Njau. (2014). Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 2(5), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16

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ACS Style

Jacob Kihila; Kelvin Mark Mtei; Karoli Nicholas Njau. Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2014, 2(5), 179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16

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AMA Style

Jacob Kihila, Kelvin Mark Mtei, Karoli Nicholas Njau. Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2014;2(5):179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16,
  author = {Jacob Kihila and Kelvin Mark Mtei and Karoli Nicholas Njau},
  title = {Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {179-184},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20140205.16},
  abstract = {Water reuse is one of the alternatives to counteract the already experienced water shortages. However water reuse as any other investment is associated with costs. This article looks at water reuse for irrigation as one of the areas that has recently gained attention. However, water reuse requires a prior installation of wastewater treatment and the irrigation systems of which all requires financial resources. Analysis of the costs and benefits of water reuse remains one of the key tools for decision making. Unfortunately there has been no universal way for doing cost benefit analysis that can fit all reuse applications and the local settings. The objective of this study was to customize the existing water reuse cost benefit analysis methods and develop cost benefit analysis for water reuse in irrigation. The net benefit value approach was studied, examined and modified to incorporate all the relevant cost items and benefits associated with water reuse in irrigation. Based on the approach developed a discussion have been made whereby it was evident  that the main cost elements for water reuse in irrigation are those associated with land for installations, the treatment plant and the irrigation systems involving their installations, operation and maintenance. On the other hand it has been shown that the main elements for benefits are related to natural resources recovered, improved agricultural production and the environmental benefits.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation
AU  - Jacob Kihila
AU  - Kelvin Mark Mtei
AU  - Karoli Nicholas Njau
Y1  - 2014/10/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 179
EP  - 184
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20140205.16
AB  - Water reuse is one of the alternatives to counteract the already experienced water shortages. However water reuse as any other investment is associated with costs. This article looks at water reuse for irrigation as one of the areas that has recently gained attention. However, water reuse requires a prior installation of wastewater treatment and the irrigation systems of which all requires financial resources. Analysis of the costs and benefits of water reuse remains one of the key tools for decision making. Unfortunately there has been no universal way for doing cost benefit analysis that can fit all reuse applications and the local settings. The objective of this study was to customize the existing water reuse cost benefit analysis methods and develop cost benefit analysis for water reuse in irrigation. The net benefit value approach was studied, examined and modified to incorporate all the relevant cost items and benefits associated with water reuse in irrigation. Based on the approach developed a discussion have been made whereby it was evident  that the main cost elements for water reuse in irrigation are those associated with land for installations, the treatment plant and the irrigation systems involving their installations, operation and maintenance. On the other hand it has been shown that the main elements for benefits are related to natural resources recovered, improved agricultural production and the environmental benefits.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download