Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example)

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader; Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed; El-Ghareeb Sonbol

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11

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Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example)

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed, El-Ghareeb Sonbol

Published in International Journal of Archaeology (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 21 February 2017 Accepted: 5 April 2017 Published: 1 November 2017

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Abstract

The environment has many severe effects on the Archaeological sites all over the world, it varies from country to the other, there are agriculture, desert and marine environments, the monument is neonate its environment, from the first, the building materials were from the environment, also the deterioration factors are from the environment, this research sheds the light on the marine environment's effect on the deterioration of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean sea coast ( Alexandria – Egypt as an example), the effects vary from the relative humidity, air temperature variations, wind, sea levels rise, underground water, air pollution, rain and tides. The case study tombs in Alexandria which suffer from the marine environment's effect are Kom El - Shoqafa catacombs and El-Shattbi catacombs, the deterioration factors related to the marine environment cause the degradation of these catacombs and this precious cultural heritage.

Published in	International Journal of Archaeology (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11
Page(s)	14-18
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Marine Environment, Deterioration, Archaeological Buildings, Mediterranean Sea Coast, Alexandria, Kom El- Shoqafa and El- Shattbi Catacombs

References

[1]	The Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development., "Prepare a Comprehensive Overview of The Housing and to Monitor Changes in The Housing Market Issues (Alexandria city)", Egypt, January 2010, PP: 14-15.
[2]	Environmental affairs system (Ministry of Environment), Alexandria Governorate., "Environmental Description of Alexandria ", Egypt, 2007, PP: 8-9.
[3]	The Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development., "The Environmental Perspective of The Strategy of Urban Development on The Level of the Republic", Alexandria Region, PP:86-96.
[4]	Environmental affairs system (Ministry of Environment)., " The Monthly Report of Air Type in Egypt", Egypt, May 2006, P:20.
[5]	Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El- Sayed Mahgoub, Study of the burial environment effect on the deterioration of the excavated Alabaster Objects, Restoration and Conservation methods applied on some Chosen Objects, MSc thesis, Restoration department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University,Cairo – Egypt, 2012.
[6]	Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El- Sayed Mahgoub, Evaluation of Wild and Domestic Trees and Plants Hazards, their Role in the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings Ruins, Methods of Treatment and Assessment of these Hazards Applied on a Chosen Historical Building and Site, PhD thesis, Restoration department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University,Cairo – Egypt, 2015/2016.
[7]	Rabea Radi Abdel Kader Sayed, A scientific study to evaluate the materials which used as alternative support for Greco – Roman mosaics to choose the best for the application on a chosen object, MSc thesis, Restoration department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University,Cairo – Egypt, 2015/2016.
[8]	Rabea Radi Abdel Kader and Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed, "The study of ground water effect and risks on the safety of the Archaeological Islamic buildings in Egypt applied on Azabk El- Youssefi Madrasa”, Built Heritage 2013 Monitoring Conservation Management conference, Milan – Italy, 2013, PP: 1212-1216.

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APA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed, El-Ghareeb Sonbol. (2017). Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example). International Journal of Archaeology, 5(2), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11

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ACS Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader; Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed; El-Ghareeb Sonbol. Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example). Int. J. Archaeol. 2017, 5(2), 14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11

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AMA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed, El-Ghareeb Sonbol. Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example). Int J Archaeol. 2017;5(2):14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11,
  author = {Rabea Radi Abdel Kader and Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed and El-Ghareeb Sonbol},
  title = {Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example)},
  journal = {International Journal of Archaeology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {14-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ija.20170502.11},
  abstract = {The environment has many severe effects on the Archaeological sites all over the world, it varies from country to the other, there are agriculture, desert and marine environments, the monument is neonate its environment, from the first, the building materials were from the environment, also the deterioration factors are from the environment, this research sheds the light on the marine environment's effect on the deterioration of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean sea coast ( Alexandria – Egypt as an example), the effects vary from the relative humidity, air temperature variations, wind, sea levels rise, underground water, air pollution, rain and tides. The case study tombs in Alexandria which suffer from the marine environment's effect are Kom El - Shoqafa catacombs and El-Shattbi catacombs, the deterioration factors related to the marine environment cause the degradation of these catacombs and this precious cultural heritage.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example)
AU  - Rabea Radi Abdel Kader
AU  - Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed
AU  - El-Ghareeb Sonbol
Y1  - 2017/11/01
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11
T2  - International Journal of Archaeology
JF  - International Journal of Archaeology
JO  - International Journal of Archaeology
SP  - 14
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7595
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11
AB  - The environment has many severe effects on the Archaeological sites all over the world, it varies from country to the other, there are agriculture, desert and marine environments, the monument is neonate its environment, from the first, the building materials were from the environment, also the deterioration factors are from the environment, this research sheds the light on the marine environment's effect on the deterioration of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean sea coast ( Alexandria – Egypt as an example), the effects vary from the relative humidity, air temperature variations, wind, sea levels rise, underground water, air pollution, rain and tides. The case study tombs in Alexandria which suffer from the marine environment's effect are Kom El - Shoqafa catacombs and El-Shattbi catacombs, the deterioration factors related to the marine environment cause the degradation of these catacombs and this precious cultural heritage.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader

Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed

Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
El-Ghareeb Sonbol

Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed, El-Ghareeb Sonbol. (2017). Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example). International Journal of Archaeology, 5(2), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11

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ACS Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader; Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed; El-Ghareeb Sonbol. Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example). Int. J. Archaeol. 2017, 5(2), 14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11

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AMA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed, El-Ghareeb Sonbol. Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example). Int J Archaeol. 2017;5(2):14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11,
  author = {Rabea Radi Abdel Kader and Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed and El-Ghareeb Sonbol},
  title = {Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example)},
  journal = {International Journal of Archaeology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {14-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ija.20170502.11},
  abstract = {The environment has many severe effects on the Archaeological sites all over the world, it varies from country to the other, there are agriculture, desert and marine environments, the monument is neonate its environment, from the first, the building materials were from the environment, also the deterioration factors are from the environment, this research sheds the light on the marine environment's effect on the deterioration of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean sea coast ( Alexandria – Egypt as an example), the effects vary from the relative humidity, air temperature variations, wind, sea levels rise, underground water, air pollution, rain and tides. The case study tombs in Alexandria which suffer from the marine environment's effect are Kom El - Shoqafa catacombs and El-Shattbi catacombs, the deterioration factors related to the marine environment cause the degradation of these catacombs and this precious cultural heritage.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Marine Environment's Effect on the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings in the Mediterranean Sea Coast (Alexandria – Egypt as an Example)
AU  - Rabea Radi Abdel Kader
AU  - Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed
AU  - El-Ghareeb Sonbol
Y1  - 2017/11/01
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11
T2  - International Journal of Archaeology
JF  - International Journal of Archaeology
JO  - International Journal of Archaeology
SP  - 14
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7595
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20170502.11
AB  - The environment has many severe effects on the Archaeological sites all over the world, it varies from country to the other, there are agriculture, desert and marine environments, the monument is neonate its environment, from the first, the building materials were from the environment, also the deterioration factors are from the environment, this research sheds the light on the marine environment's effect on the deterioration of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean sea coast ( Alexandria – Egypt as an example), the effects vary from the relative humidity, air temperature variations, wind, sea levels rise, underground water, air pollution, rain and tides. The case study tombs in Alexandria which suffer from the marine environment's effect are Kom El - Shoqafa catacombs and El-Shattbi catacombs, the deterioration factors related to the marine environment cause the degradation of these catacombs and this precious cultural heritage.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download