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Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline Nanotube
H. Shokry Hassan
,
M. F. Elkady
,
M. A. Abd El kawi
,
M. F. Alian
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 54-59
Received: 30 April 2015
Accepted: 6 May 2015
Published: 13 May 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.18
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Abstract: The present work reports slightly modification of the conventional chemical synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) to be nanotube structure without the need for any template or structural directing materials. PANI preparation was optimized by the oxidation of two different precursors: aniline and aniline hydrochloride with ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidizing agent in various aqueous media of strong, weak acid and in alkaline medium at different pH values. Structural and morphological properties of the products are characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Results showed the strong dependence of PANI nanotube on the acidity at certain pH value during the oxidation of aniline by APS. It is founded that, the optimum condition for preparation of PANI nanotube was obtained under oxidation of aniline monomer by APS in aqueous media of weak acid medium at pH five degree.
Abstract: The present work reports slightly modification of the conventional chemical synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) to be nanotube structure without the need for any template or structural directing materials. PANI preparation was optimized by the oxidation of two different precursors: aniline and aniline hydrochloride with ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxi...
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Novel Nano-Zirconium Antimonate as Cation Exchange Material for Organic Dye Pollutants Purification
M. F. Elkady
,
M. A. khodary
,
A. A. Zaatout
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 46-53
Received: 12 February 2015
Accepted: 13 February 2015
Published: 28 March 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.17
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Abstract: Nano-zirconium antimonate was successfully prepared using two different techniques of sol-gel and homogeneous precipitation. The different preparation parameters affecting onto the two preparation techniques such as HCl concentration, reactants molar ratio and effect reaction temperature were optimized to attain cation exchange material with high ion exchange capacity and produced in nano-size structure. The different prepared samples were screened based on their ion exchange capacities. The most proper prepared sample produced from the sol-gel technique poses higher ion exchange capacity value of 3.5meq/g compared with that produced from the homogeneous precipitation that recorded ion exchange capacity of 2.8meq/g. The physico-chemical properties of the two nano-zirconium antimonate samples produced from each technique were compared using various analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM and TEM. XRD results indicated that the sample produced from the homogeneous precipitation attains high crystallinity degree compared with the amorphous sol-gel prepared sample. The morphological structure investigation evident the nano-spherical morphology for the two prepared samples. The average nano-size of the homogeneous precipitation sample of 22nm is smaller than that of the sol-gel sample that recorded 34nm. The dye decontamination behavior of the two prepared nano-zirconium antimonate samples was compared for C.I basic blue 3dye. The sol-gel prepared sample recorded higher dye decolorization of 81.5% compared with 54% for the homogeneous precipitation sample.
Abstract: Nano-zirconium antimonate was successfully prepared using two different techniques of sol-gel and homogeneous precipitation. The different preparation parameters affecting onto the two preparation techniques such as HCl concentration, reactants molar ratio and effect reaction temperature were optimized to attain cation exchange material with high i...
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Preparation and Characterization of CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- Composite for Biodiesel Production
Rehab M. Ali
,
Mona M. Abd El Latif
,
Hassan A. Farag
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 38-45
Received: 15 January 2015
Accepted: 19 January 2015
Published: 9 February 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.16
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Abstract: Biodiesel synthesis from waste frying oil (WFO), gained a huge industrial concern compared to the high priced virgin vegetable oils. The major catalysts used in biodiesel production are homogeneous catalysts, which are cheap. However, they have many drawbacks such as, serious separation problems, low biodiesel production yield and production of impure glycerol. This will lead to increase the produced biodiesel price. The latest trend in biodiesel production today is using heterogeneous catalysts that can address the homogeneous catalysts drawbacks. CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- composites with various SiO2 to CaO weight ratios were synthesized, characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. In addition, the prepared composites were used for biodiesel production and for determining the optimum operating conditions using gas chromatograph (GC). The obtained results clearly indicate that CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- can be used as stable and active catalyst for biodiesel production from WFO.
Abstract: Biodiesel synthesis from waste frying oil (WFO), gained a huge industrial concern compared to the high priced virgin vegetable oils. The major catalysts used in biodiesel production are homogeneous catalysts, which are cheap. However, they have many drawbacks such as, serious separation problems, low biodiesel production yield and production of imp...
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Preparation of Nano-Activated Carbon from carbon Based Material for Copper Decontamination from Wastewater
M. F. Elkady
,
M. M. Hussein
,
H. M. Atiaa
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 31-37
Received: 15 January 2015
Accepted: 19 January 2015
Published: 27 January 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.15
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Abstract: This investigation deals with preparation of an activated carbon in nano-scale from natural waste bio-materials of water hyacinth segments through chemical modification of water hyacinth followed by chemical and thermal activation of the material. The different parameters affecting in the chemical and thermal activation processes such as chemical types used for activation process, activation time and temperature and carbonization time and temperature for the thermal activation process were optimized to produce nano-size activated carbon. All prepared materials were evaluated as adsorbent materials for copper decontamination from industrial wastewater. The produced nano-activated carbon was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Morphological characterization (SEM), Thermal Analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The performance of the prepared nano-activated carbon was evaluated for copper ion sorption from aqueous solution using batch technique. The influence of the different parameters affecting the copper sorption process was examined. The results indicated that the prepared nano-activated carbon recorded high copper removal of 86.12% within 4hours.
Abstract: This investigation deals with preparation of an activated carbon in nano-scale from natural waste bio-materials of water hyacinth segments through chemical modification of water hyacinth followed by chemical and thermal activation of the material. The different parameters affecting in the chemical and thermal activation processes such as chemical t...
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Equilibrium and Kinetics Behavior of Oil Spill Process onto Synthesized Nano-Activated Carbon
M. F. Elkady
,
Mohamed Hussien
,
Reham Abou-rady
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 22-30
Received: 8 January 2015
Accepted: 10 January 2015
Published: 23 January 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.14
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Abstract: Oil spills were removed from polluted wastewater using synthetic nano-activated carbon that prepared through the alkaline activation of water hyacinth roots followed by zinc chloride treatment prior to its carbonization. The prepared nano-activated carbon attains high oil sorption capacity of 28.31 g oil/ g sorbent and no water pickup. The SEM examination of the prepared activated carbon investigates its spherical morphological structure with average diameter of 60nm. The different processing parameters affecting on the oil sorption onto the prepared nano-activated carbon were optimized. The maximum oil sorption capacity of 30.2 g oil/g activated carbon has been recorded after 60 min sorption time using 10 g from the prepared nano-activated carbon at initial oil film thickness of 1 mm. The oil sorption data recorded at equilibrium conditions have been analyzed using the linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models and the applicability of these isotherm equations to the sorption system was compared by judging the correlation coefficients, R2. It was established that the equilibrium isotherm models applicability follows the order of: Freundlich< Langmuir< Dubinin-Radushkevich for the oil sorption onto activated carbon. Accordingly, the oil sorption process at equilibrium may be described mainly using both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. These results give prediction that the oil sorption process takes place onto nano-activated carbon as mono-layer coverage with some degree of heterogeneity. The kinetics of the oil sorption process was modeled using four kinetic models namely pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The pseudo second-order model yielded the highest R2 value of 0.9933. So, the kinetics of the oil sorption process onto the prepared nano-activated carbon may be described as second-order, which reveals that the main oil adsorption mechanism is probably chemisorption reaction.
Abstract: Oil spills were removed from polluted wastewater using synthetic nano-activated carbon that prepared through the alkaline activation of water hyacinth roots followed by zinc chloride treatment prior to its carbonization. The prepared nano-activated carbon attains high oil sorption capacity of 28.31 g oil/ g sorbent and no water pickup. The SEM exam...
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Novelpolyvinyl Chloride-Grafted-Poly (Ethylene Imine) Membranes for Water Treatment Applications: Synthesis and Membrane Characterizations
Mohamed S. Mohy El-din
,
Mahmoud Abdel Ghafar
,
Abd El GawadRabiea
,
Hossam A. Tieama
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 13-21
Received: 6 January 2015
Accepted: 8 January 2015
Published: 21 January 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.13
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Abstract: Novel polyvinyl chloride grafted poly (ethylene imine), PVC-g-PEI membranes have been successfully synthesized by solvent evaporation technique using THF/ethanol as a solvent mixture. PEI was incorporated into PVC in different portions to increase the weak hydrophilicity of PVC membranes and to enhance physicochemical membranes surface properties. Membranes preparation conditions of PVC-g-PEI and their applications for water desalination process were optimized and discussed in details. PVC-g-PEI membranes were characterized by FTIR, morphologically using SEM, thermally using TGA&DSC, and mechanically using universal testing machine. Poly (ethylene glycol), PEG was then added to PVC-g-PEI membranes as a pore forming additive to increase pores density area and improve efficiency of the permeation flux of membranes. Addition of PEG portions increased permeation flux of PVC-g-PEI membranes (452 L/D/M2513 L/D/M2and605 L/D/M2) and salt rejection performance for mono membrane (33.5%, 30.8%and 27.4 %) for 3%, 2% and 1% NaCl solutions, respectively. Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC) for (PVC-g-PEI) membrane was 2.3 meq/gm and water uptake was 23%.All filtration experiments results were carried out at a trans-membrane pressure of 0.3 MPa at room temperature. The results showed that the permeate quality and quantity almost stable upon long run, thus PVC-g-PEI membranes can be used effectively for water treatment applications e.g. Nano-filtration and desalination.
Abstract: Novel polyvinyl chloride grafted poly (ethylene imine), PVC-g-PEI membranes have been successfully synthesized by solvent evaporation technique using THF/ethanol as a solvent mixture. PEI was incorporated into PVC in different portions to increase the weak hydrophilicity of PVC membranes and to enhance physicochemical membranes surface properties. ...
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Production of Pure Nano-Iron by Using Ball Milling Machine, Chemical Batch Reactor and K-M Micro Reactor
Mohamed Ahmed AbdelKawy
,
Ahmed H. El-Shazly
,
Yehia El Shazly
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 8-12
Received: 29 November 2014
Accepted: 30 December 2014
Published: 30 December 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.12
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Abstract: In this study, pure nano iron was produced by the top to down and bottom up techniques. top to down including production of nano iron by using ball mill machine and bottom up including two methods batch and K-M micro reactor. Different techniques were used for investigation and characterization of the produced nano iron particles such as UV-Vis, PSD, SEM, TEM and XRD. The produced Nano particle using micro mixer showed better characteristics than those produced using batch reactor and ball mill in many aspects such as homogeneity of the produced particles, particle size distribution and size. The results showed that 10 nm core diameter were obtained using Micro mixer as compared to 80 nm and 40 nm core diameter using batch reactor and ball mill respectively.
Abstract: In this study, pure nano iron was produced by the top to down and bottom up techniques. top to down including production of nano iron by using ball mill machine and bottom up including two methods batch and K-M micro reactor. Different techniques were used for investigation and characterization of the produced nano iron particles such as UV-Vis, PS...
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Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Activated Carbon from El Maghara Coal, Sinai, Egypt to be Utilized for Wastewater Purification
M. F. Elkady
,
M. M. Hussein
,
M. M. Salama
Issue: Volume 3, Issue 3-1, June 2015
Pages: 1-7
Received: 4 November 2014
Accepted: 7 November 2014
Published: 14 November 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.11
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Abstract: This study targeted to evaluate the availability of extraction the nano-activated carbon from el maghara coal that represents as Jurassic coal deposits in the Maghara area, Sinai, Egypt to be utilized as adsorbent material for methyl orange dye decontamination from polluted wastewater. Nano-activated carbon was prepared through the alkaline and acidic activation of el maghara coal with potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid respectively at different conditions such as activation temperature, activation time and activating agent/ carbon ratio. The maximum removal for methyl orange with the extracted nano-activated carbon was recorded to be 90%. This efficient nano-activated carbon was synthesized through the reaction of el maghara coal with potassium hydroxide with 1:2 weight ratios for 90 minutes. Then the yielded powder material was carbonized at 600ºC for 90 minutes. The physical and chemical characteristics of raw coal and the most efficient extracted nano-activated carbon material were examined using different techniques such as scanning electron microscopic and infrared spectroscopy analysis. The different factors affecting the methyl orange treatment process onto the most efficient prepared material will be optimized using the batch technique. The equilibrium time for dye sorption process onto the prepared nano-activated carbon was established at 120min. the improvement at both the agitation speed and the material dosage has positive effect on the dye sorption process. The maghara coal was establish to be suitable resource for Nano-ctivated carbon extraction as an adsorbent after alkaline and thermal activation of the raw el maghara coal for the removal of methyl orange dye from polluted industrial wastewater.
Abstract: This study targeted to evaluate the availability of extraction the nano-activated carbon from el maghara coal that represents as Jurassic coal deposits in the Maghara area, Sinai, Egypt to be utilized as adsorbent material for methyl orange dye decontamination from polluted wastewater. Nano-activated carbon was prepared through the alkaline and aci...
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