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Identification of Anthropological Landscapes and Human Activity in Georgia in Correlation with Holocene Black Sea Level Fluctuations
Eliso Kvavadze
,
Kakhaber Bilashvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 120-129
Received: 2 September 2015
Accepted: 2 September 2015
Published: 17 September 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.32
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Abstract: The database of palynological studies of marine, lagoon, alluvial and bog sediments of the Black Sea coastline on the territory of Georgia includes 26 profiles of Holocene sediments. Analysis and synthesis of pollen diagrams allowed us to make a stratigraphic subdivision of Holocene sediments and reveal climatic fluctuations for the last 10 000 years. The most informative pollen spectra were those of marine formations with no gaps in sediment accumulation. Three main stages of climate warming have been revealed, reaching a maximum in the periods 6000-5500 BP, 3800-2400 BP and 1350-600 BP. Rather significant warming is indicated for the Middle Ages (7th -11th cent. B. C.). In all these periods the Black Sea level on the Georgian coast was some metres higher than previously. During climatic optima new cultures appeared in the Georgian archaeological record. Early agriculture penetrates not only into the middle mountain belt, but also into higher areas.
Abstract: The database of palynological studies of marine, lagoon, alluvial and bog sediments of the Black Sea coastline on the territory of Georgia includes 26 profiles of Holocene sediments. Analysis and synthesis of pollen diagrams allowed us to make a stratigraphic subdivision of Holocene sediments and reveal climatic fluctuations for the last 10 000 yea...
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Risk Analysis of the River Bank Washout and Flooding of the Areas
David Kereselidze
,
Vazha Trapaidze
,
Giorgi Bregvadze
,
Irakli Megrelidze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 113-119
Received: 29 July 2015
Accepted: 31 July 2015
Published: 7 September 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.31
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Abstract: Quantitative assessment and forecasting of one or another hydrological phenomenon is important for estimation of vulnerability of natural riverside. Mechanism of riverside destruction by water is considered in the represented work as random process, which is depended both on influence of flow speed and on riverside resistance. As the indicator of this process against such influence is taken riverside characteristic – vulnerability, for determination of which is used a well-known model of the theory of reliability, called “load-strength” model. Proceeding from this fact a result obtained via theoretical formalization in the form of represented formula is considered at this stage as approximation and time factor should be taken into account in the modeling process that will be a step forward in relation to current reality.
Abstract: Quantitative assessment and forecasting of one or another hydrological phenomenon is important for estimation of vulnerability of natural riverside. Mechanism of riverside destruction by water is considered in the represented work as random process, which is depended both on influence of flow speed and on riverside resistance. As the indicator of t...
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Geomorphologic Features of Sataplia-Tskaltubo Limestone Massif
Tsikarishvili Kukuri
,
Lezhava Zaza
,
Asanidze Lasha
,
Bolashvili Nana
,
Chikhradze Nino
,
Chartolani Giorgi
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 108-112
Received: 9 July 2015
Accepted: 10 July 2015
Published: 29 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.30
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Abstract: One of the important factors of karsto- and speleogenezis of Sataplia-Tskaltubo limestone massif is a still poorly studied geomorphological peculiarity of the region. Karsto- and speleogenezis is conditioned by the geological structure and tectonics. In the working process we used the already approved fundamental and applied research methods, both traditional and modern method systems. We carried out the detailed geomorphologic and karst-speleological exploration of the research area, conducted a large-scale survey works, on the basis of which we compiled the geomorphologic schematic map of Tskaltubo limestone massif and singled out the relief’s genetic types
Abstract: One of the important factors of karsto- and speleogenezis of Sataplia-Tskaltubo limestone massif is a still poorly studied geomorphological peculiarity of the region. Karsto- and speleogenezis is conditioned by the geological structure and tectonics. In the working process we used the already approved fundamental and applied research methods, both ...
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Assessment of Agri-Resource Potential of West Georgia and Landscape Zoning for Dissemination Actinidia
Seperteladze Zurab
,
Davitaia Eter
,
Memarne Guram
,
Khalvashi Neli
,
Gaprindashvili George
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 104-107
Received: 4 July 2015
Accepted: 6 July 2015
Published: 29 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.29
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Abstract: The methodology has been developed and established in West Georgia for agro-resource potential spatial distribution regularities for ACTINIDIA (according to hypsometric levels and types of landscapes of Georgia). On the basis of a large amount of data processing and systematization, also different data scattered in various scientific-research organizations agri-resource potential of West Georgia were determined. For Multiple database creation and processing, based on GIS technology. Conducted large-scale landscape zoning
Abstract: The methodology has been developed and established in West Georgia for agro-resource potential spatial distribution regularities for ACTINIDIA (according to hypsometric levels and types of landscapes of Georgia). On the basis of a large amount of data processing and systematization, also different data scattered in various scientific-research organ...
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Data Gap Analysis for the Sectoral Planning of Dedopistskato Municipality on Landscape Basis
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 99-103
Received: 9 July 2015
Accepted: 10 July 2015
Published: 28 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.28
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Abstract: This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. The abstract should be between 40 and 400 words
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Impact of the Relief on the Territorial Distribution of the Precipitations on the Example of Samtskhe-Javakheti Region
Lamzira Lagidze
,
Vazha Trapaidze
,
Besik Kalandadze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 91-98
Received: 9 July 2015
Accepted: 10 July 2015
Published: 28 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.27
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Abstract: The climatic conditions in Samtskhe-Javakheti region differ from those in other regions of Georgia. The major reason for the diversified climate in the region is the nature of the underlying surface and altitude above from the sea level (900-3,300 m), nature of the surface jointing, alteration of ridges and valleys, vegetation cover (forest, meadow, valley, water basins) causing unequal warming of the underlying surface and intensification of the circulation processes. The vegetation cover in the region is transformed intensely under the influence of the anthropogenic factors what drastically changes the climatic conditions. Atmospheric precipitations are one of the climate-forming factors having its influence on the climate and determining the degree of humidification. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitations on the territory of Samtskhe-Javakheti varies between 400 and 1400 mm. It is minimal on Javakheti Plateau and Akhaltsikhe basin. The amount of precipitations on Javakheti Plateau first decreases and then, increases gradually at higher altitudes. In the basin of the river Paravani, at 1,400 m asl, the amount of precipitations decreases by 6-17 mm on average after each 100 m altitude, while above 1400 m asl, increases first, slightly (by 4-20 mm) and then, significantly (by 44-76 mm after each 100 m). The maximum amount of precipitations fallen in the area in one month in the cold period of the year is 202 mm, and the least amount is 0.1 mm. The distribution of precipitation on the territory of Samtskhe-Javakheti changes depending on the altitude, and at lower elevations, the amount of liquid precipitations is 75%, 18% are hard precipitations and 8% are mixed ones, while in the high-mountainous zone, these indicators are 60 %, 31 % and 9%, respectively. A decisive role in the territorial distribution of precipitations is played by the relief forms. The region is bordered by high ridges from all its sides. The ridges transform the atmospheric circulation processes and hamper a free flow of air masses. Therefore, the air masses in the region are of a descending nature, with the amount of moisture reduced in it (the condensation is limited), and as a result, the amount of precipitations on the major territory of Samtskhe-Javakheti is little. A continental type of the annual distribution of precipitations dominates all over the territory of the given region
Abstract: The climatic conditions in Samtskhe-Javakheti region differ from those in other regions of Georgia. The major reason for the diversified climate in the region is the nature of the underlying surface and altitude above from the sea level (900-3,300 m), nature of the surface jointing, alteration of ridges and valleys, vegetation cover (forest, meadow...
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Synthesis Tetrathioarsenate as a Precipitant of Ammoniate Ions of Transitional Metals
I. Didbaridze
,
M. Rusia
,
K. Rukhaia
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 88-90
Received: 7 July 2015
Accepted: 8 July 2015
Published: 25 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.26
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Abstract: Synthesized substances obtained by sodium tetrathioarsenate reaction with silver(I), cobalt (II), mickelous (II), copper (II), zincous, cadmium and mercury have been studied by IR- spectroscopy, X-ray analysis
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Synthesis and Study of Tetrathioarsenates of d10-Metals
I. Didbaridze
,
M. Rusia
,
K. Rukhaia
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 84-87
Received: 7 July 2015
Accepted: 8 July 2015
Published: 23 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.25
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Abstract: For the first time in hydrochemical conditions tetrathioarsenates of d10-metals by composition Ag3AsS4 and M3(AsS4)2•H2O, where M-Zn, Cd or Hg and X=(Zn) or 2(Cd, Hg), were synthesized. Their composition, constitution, reaction of dehydration and thermal shock resistance in 20-1000 interval were studied by means of thermal analysis, UR-spectroscopy, X-ray crystal determination and derivatographic research.
Abstract: For the first time in hydrochemical conditions tetrathioarsenates of d10-metals by composition Ag3AsS4 and M3(AsS4)2•H2O, where M-Zn, Cd or Hg and X=(Zn) or 2(Cd, Hg), were synthesized. Their composition, constitution, reaction of dehydration and thermal shock resistance in 20-1000 interval were studied by means of thermal analysis, UR-spectroscopy...
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Alexandre Javakhishvili - the Founder of Modern Geography in Georgia
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 79-83
Received: 7 July 2015
Accepted: 8 July 2015
Published: 23 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.24
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Abstract: The article describes the contribution of Alexandre Javakhishvili to the geographic, cartographic and anthropologic development of Georgia. The scientific production created under his editorship and management is also described. The scientist contributed much to the study of history of the geographical development, where Vakhushti Bagrationi played a leading role. The article shows the scientist’s merit in the geographical and cartographic development.His studies developed the methodological issues of the different branches of geographical science (principles of geomorphological zoning, definition of the subject of regional geomorphology, classification of the types of relief and their relations to the geology and tectonic structure, etc.), identified the physical-geographical peculiarities of the territory of Georgia (thermal zones, types of precipitations, etc.) and developed zoning plans (geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, etc.), developed a series of thematic maps of Georgia in different scales (general geographic, geomorphological, climatic, etc.) and analyzed the anthropogenic types of different corners of Georgia and identified the Georgians as an individual anthropogenic type.
Abstract: The article describes the contribution of Alexandre Javakhishvili to the geographic, cartographic and anthropologic development of Georgia. The scientific production created under his editorship and management is also described. The scientist contributed much to the study of history of the geographical development, where Vakhushti Bagrationi played...
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Vegetation of Colchis Mires
Izolda Matchutadze
,
Tamar Bakuradze
,
Tamar Tcheishvil
,
Bulbuli Bolkvadze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 73-78
Received: 29 June 2015
Accepted: 30 June 2015
Published: 15 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.23
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Abstract: Georgia with the admired Colchis lowland surrounded by the Great and Lesser Caucasus Ranges belongs to critical ecological hotspot region. Because of its climatic and geographic situation the Colchis lowland represents a centre of biodiversity and human activity on the transition of Europe and Asia. The main habitats in the Colchis lowland are the relict Colchis forests, the peatlands, the wetlands, coastal sand zones, river mouths, open fresh and salt water areas. Globally extraordinary habitats in the Colchis lowland are the relict Colchis forests and the percolation bogs only existing here. The Colchis forests are unique ecosystems of characteristic warm-humid broad-leaved deciduous mixed forests with evergreen understory, rich in endemic and relict tertiary species, which are mostly spread on the Colchis lowland and the adjacent foothills of the Lesser Caucasus Range. The main purpose of the work is the study of main habitats of Colchis Lowland and determining the value for biodiversity. The different habitats and their vegetation were studied during the period of 1998-2008. The vegetation mapping with the determination of the cover of the vascular plant and moss species followed the abundance method after DAFOR (D –Dominant, - Abundant, F – Frequent, O-Occasional, R-Rare). On the basis of the research the list of Rare and endangered plant species of Colchis wetlands was revealed. Some of them (5 habitats) has a high value for biodiversity.
Abstract: Georgia with the admired Colchis lowland surrounded by the Great and Lesser Caucasus Ranges belongs to critical ecological hotspot region. Because of its climatic and geographic situation the Colchis lowland represents a centre of biodiversity and human activity on the transition of Europe and Asia. The main habitats in the Colchis lowland are the ...
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Anthropogenic Transformation of Landscapes of Colchis Lowland and Surrounding Foothills
Dali Nikolaishvili
,
Elene Salukvadze
,
Nana Bolashvili
,
Nino George Chikhradze
,
Lia Matchavariani
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 68-72
Received: 29 June 2015
Accepted: 30 June 2015
Published: 14 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.22
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Abstract: On the basis of different data, the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of Colchis lowland and surrounding foothills (CLSF) are revealed. Using the several maps (Vegetation and Landscape maps, topographic maps, depicting the different historical periods), the degree of these changes were determined. Data analysis has shown that the anthropogenic transformation of Colchis landscapes is of very diverse character and this diversity is related to many physical-geographical and human factors.
Abstract: On the basis of different data, the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of Colchis lowland and surrounding foothills (CLSF) are revealed. Using the several maps (Vegetation and Landscape maps, topographic maps, depicting the different historical periods), the degree of these changes were determined. Data analysis has shown that the anthropog...
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Problems with the Drawing a State Border along the River Psou Section
Dali Nikolaishvili
,
Revaz Tolordava
,
Davit Sartania
,
Lali Kutateladze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 60-67
Received: 8 June 2015
Accepted: 9 June 2015
Published: 14 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.21
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Abstract: The work deals with analysis of problems with the drawing a state border along the River Psou Section. The problem is difficult to solute due to the modern complex geopolitical situation in the Caucasus region, wrong decisions of the past and historical documents and cartographic sources with the inadequately shown reality. One of the major hampering factors is the state practice of territorial spacing of the former Soviet republics implying giving the state borders of a country having lost its independence a status of administrative borders. The main purpose of the study is to give the geographical-cartometry analysis of the historical transformations of the River Psou section of the Georgian state border. A lot of various cartographic sources, governmental Resolutions, historical and statistical data also were used as the basis of the study. Different factors as one of the main factors determining the historical change of this section of state border are discussed in the paper. The research was conducted in different main directions: the evaluation of historical transformations of state border throughout of XIX-XX centuries and in modern times, factors hampering the regulation of the state border, issue of the territorial belonging of village Aibga, etc. In order to study these issues have used different methods as well as GIS-technologies. The main results of research are determination of some issues connected with state border along the river Psou section: 1) the frequency of historical transformations; (2) the major factors causing this historical transformations; (3) incompliance between the existing cartographic sources and governmental resolutions in relation to the registration of all five districts of village Aibga, (4) the facts of incorrect depiction of the territorial belonging of the river Psou section in the XX-century scientific and statistical sources.
Abstract: The work deals with analysis of problems with the drawing a state border along the River Psou Section. The problem is difficult to solute due to the modern complex geopolitical situation in the Caucasus region, wrong decisions of the past and historical documents and cartographic sources with the inadequately shown reality. One of the major hamperi...
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Anthropogenic Changes of Caucasus Forest Landscapes
Dali Nikolaishvili
,
George Dvalashvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 54-59
Received: 20 June 2015
Accepted: 22 June 2015
Published: 7 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.20
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Abstract: Caucasus eco-region occupies more than 583 thousand sq km and are represented 25 types, 62 sub-types and 205 genera of landscapes. Due to several climatically contrasting regions the landscapes are quite diverse here. Sub-tropical humid conditions, also experiencing mostly hot, dry weather year-round dominate in the lowland and foothills of Caucasus. forests are mostly concentrated in low- and middle-mountain landscapes. Comparatively little are of forests are concentrated in the lowlands and plains. High volcanic plateaus of South Caucasus also are without forest areas and are represented by steppe vegetation. The main purpose of this work is to determine anthropogenic changes forest landscapes of Caucasus and to evaluate the degree of this changes. The trend of anthropogenic change of forests is observed almost on whole territory of eco-region, especially in plain areas. Therefore, the decreasing trend of forest area, phytomass amount, also the ecological functions are evident. The research is based on the landscape approach. A great set of field data were used. All these data were processed by means of GIS-technologies.
Abstract: Caucasus eco-region occupies more than 583 thousand sq km and are represented 25 types, 62 sub-types and 205 genera of landscapes. Due to several climatically contrasting regions the landscapes are quite diverse here. Sub-tropical humid conditions, also experiencing mostly hot, dry weather year-round dominate in the lowland and foothills of Caucasu...
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Modern Conceptual and Technological Approaches to the Georgia Black Sea Coastline Protection
Nodar Tsivtsivadze
,
Lia Matchavariani
,
Lamzira Lagidze
,
Nargiz Motsonelidze
,
George Ivanov
,
Nino Paichadze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 46-53
Received: 2 June 2015
Accepted: 4 June 2015
Published: 7 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.19
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Abstract: Economic Economic development of the world's maritime nations, including Georgia, is directly related to the coastal environment and the ongoing natural or anthropogenic processes which determined its sustainability and exploitation opportunities. In the coastal zone are located the urbanized areas, agricultural lands, motorways and recreational complexes. Georgia's Black Sea resorts continue to attract tourists to the resort areas of the coast that required the expansion, restoration of eroded beaches and the development of appropriate infrastructure at international standards. Unfortunately, the prevalence of the parochial bureaucratic interests over environmental issues and ignorance of negative coastal process development, inefficiency of implemented coast protection measures and limited funding for carrying out necessary works, caused Georgian shoreline erosion. In this regard, coast may not be discussed as isolated body because it is part of one natural system and changes caused by natural phenomena or man-made impact will be reflected on the coast of neighboring countries. In whole, human intervention (withdrawal of beach sediments, river channel regulations, dam and reservoirs constructions and port structures assembling in coastal zone) in natural processes not only improved country economic state, but together with current natural events, due to sea level rise, causing storm phenomena activation and land inundation, shore subsiding, provoked the increase of coast erosion tendency, activation of beach disappearance and threatened to located there infrastructure with destruction and huge material losses. The recovery of latter requires several billion U.S. dollars worth of materials and works. In the presented article is discussed the problem of Georgia Black Sea coast erosion and necessary measures for its protection on the basis of conceptual approaches, which also imply the using of new technologies and methods of beach protection. In case of given proposal implementation in practice, the results of planned research can be widely applied both for sandy as well as pebbly-gravel beaches of any sea.
Abstract: Economic Economic development of the world's maritime nations, including Georgia, is directly related to the coastal environment and the ongoing natural or anthropogenic processes which determined its sustainability and exploitation opportunities. In the coastal zone are located the urbanized areas, agricultural lands, motorways and recreational co...
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Samtskhe-Javakheti Agriculture Sectors Development and its Ecological Problems
Revaz Tolordava
,
Malkhaz Gvinjilia
,
Koba Korsantia
,
Tengiz Gordeziani
,
Zurab Laoshvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 41-45
Received: 31 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 7 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.18
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Abstract: The paper presents the modern condition analyses and development prospects of the main agriculture sectors of a mountainous region in the southern part of Georgia – Samtskhe-Javakheti. On the basis of literary sources and internet material examination, certain sectors’ value in provisioning of republic has been assessed. The importance of agricultural sector vectoring in the side agriculture has been outlined. Results of the research are interpreted in charts and graphic models. Field research process has revealed a growing number of ecological problems related to biological and household waste and also caused by "chemicalization". The research has shown that the issues about protection from soil erosion and the water supply acute in the region. It greatly hinders the development of agriculture and it's a great challenge for the region’s population, who are mostly employed in the agricultural sector. During the research, different types of humus and soil nutrient elements supplies, soil structure and physical properties were investigated. Ecological problems solution and agricultural production’s sustainable development activation, which will ensure ecological condition improvement in agricultural sectors, healthy products production and that will create a firm foundation for withdrawing the agricultural production import, are considered to be the main challenges of the region.
Abstract: The paper presents the modern condition analyses and development prospects of the main agriculture sectors of a mountainous region in the southern part of Georgia – Samtskhe-Javakheti. On the basis of literary sources and internet material examination, certain sectors’ value in provisioning of republic has been assessed. The importance of agricultu...
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Close Range Photogrammetry in the Survey of the Coastal Area Geoecological Conditions (on the Example of Portugal)
Nino Chikhradze
,
Renato Henriques
,
Mikheil Elashvili
,
Giorgi Kirkitadze
,
Zurab Janelidze
,
Nana Bolashvili
,
George Lominadze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 35-40
Received: 30 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 7 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.17
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Abstract: Close range digital photogrammetry, which involves the application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), has been used in a growing number of diverse applications across different scientific disciplines. Our objective was to use the mentioned method in the survey of the contemporary geoecological conditions of the coastal area on the example of Portuguese northwest coastal zone. The coastal zone can be subdivided into two geomorphological sectors: Sector 1, between the Minho River and the town of Espinho, where the coastal segments consist of estuaries, sandy and shingle beaches with rocky outcrops, and Holocene dune systems. The estuaries and the foredunes in particular are very degraded by human activities; and Sector 2, between Espinho and the Mondego Cape, where coastal lagoons and Holocene dune systems occur. We chose two beaches for surveying – Aguçadoura and Ramalha to which the drone swinglet CAM took the photos. We used the ground control software eMotion 2 to plan the flights over the study area and controlled the drone’s trajectory during flight. After processing the obtained images in the program of AgisoftPhotoscanPro, we generated the 2D orthophotos and 3D digital elevation models (DEM) of the research sections. At this stage of study we derived the above product without using the ground control points, or we used only the camera GPS data. Based on these models the compilation of the large-scale maps of high resolution (1cm-5cm) will be possible in the GISs for monitoring and management of the geoecological state of the mentioned beaches in case to precise the x, y and z values of the models with the geodetic device of Differential GPSs in the selected ground control points (GCP).
Abstract: Close range digital photogrammetry, which involves the application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), has been used in a growing number of diverse applications across different scientific disciplines. Our objective was to use the mentioned method in the survey of the contemporary geoecological conditions of the coastal area on the example of Portugu...
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Bioarcheology of the Bronze Age Population in the Kumo-Manych Depression (Russia)
Borutskaya Svetlana
,
Vasilyev Sergey
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 30-34
Received: 31 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 2 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.16
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Abstract: In this work we present a morphological study of postcranial skeletons from the Yamna-culture burials of the following barrow groups: Zunda-Tolga, Manjikiny, Mu-Sharet, Ostrovnoy, which are situated in the right bank of the Manych river in Kalmykia, and Peschany-V, located near the village of Remontnoe in the south of Rostov Oblast. The Yamna culture is the earliest culture of the Bronze Age, which existed in the studied territories in 3300-2350 BC. We also used some finds from the Yamna-culture burials in Rostov Oblast as comparative material. This collection is kept in the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Rostov-on-Don. The burials were situated in various parts of the Don catchment area within Rostov Oblast (Lower Don region). The skeletal materials were collected by the joint expedition of the State Historical Museum (Moscow) and the Kalmyk Institute of Economic and Legal Research in the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia and in the south of Rostov Oblast. The collection is kept in the archaeological department of the State Historical Museum. We have taken measurements and then calculated various indices of skeletal proportions, as well as robustness and strength indices of limb bones. Variations in values of various indices are presented in works of Y.Y. Roginsky and M.G. Levin and E.N. Khrisanfova. The intravital body length was reconstructed with the use of Bunak, Dupertuis and Hadden formulae. Thus, in terms of limb proportions, intravital body length, some peculiarities of body build and morphology of limb bones, the two series are not completely homogeneous. The common features for the Yamna-culture people from the barrow burials in the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia are: quite long legs, comparatively short tibiae, broad shoulders among males, average or above-the-average intravital body length. All the long arm bones and tibiae were characterized by considerable robustness. The Yamna-culture people from the Lower Don region were also united by comparatively long legs, average correlation between the antebrachium and tibia length, slightly elongated tibiae in relation to femurs. The intravital body length was average or above the average. The individuals were characterized by average or high robustness of humeri, radii, femurs and tibiae.
Abstract: In this work we present a morphological study of postcranial skeletons from the Yamna-culture burials of the following barrow groups: Zunda-Tolga, Manjikiny, Mu-Sharet, Ostrovnoy, which are situated in the right bank of the Manych river in Kalmykia, and Peschany-V, located near the village of Remontnoe in the south of Rostov Oblast. The Yamna cultu...
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The Height Regularities of the Water Industry Balance of Georgia
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 24-29
Received: 30 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 2 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.15
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Abstract: The current political and socio-economic changes in the last centuries of 90-th was adequately reflected on water management problematic issues. There is a lack of statistical material that complicates the research activity. To this point of view the primary task was to choose representative period in the dynamic of utilizing water recourses. 80-th of last century is considered as such kind of period stated in the previous article. In terms of territorial differentiation water industry balance is estimated in the previous article according to the high-rise zones of western and eastern Georgian regions. The annual quantity of river runoff on the territory does not depict completely the water supply of population and various branches of economy. The full assessment is possible by the intra annual mode of water balance in the hydrological periods and phenological seasons. On the other hand, in Georgia, in mountain regions the elements of water balance are amenable to high-rise regularities, so the intra annual mode of water balance should be considered in the context of high-rise extent. The previous work is devoted to territorial distribution of indicators of water balance in Georgia according to high-rise zones in the frame of intra annual aspect.
Abstract: The current political and socio-economic changes in the last centuries of 90-th was adequately reflected on water management problematic issues. There is a lack of statistical material that complicates the research activity. To this point of view the primary task was to choose representative period in the dynamic of utilizing water recourses. 80-th...
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Author’s Interpretation of Toponyms of the Historical Sources and the Hagiographic Literary Works
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 19-23
Received: 30 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 2 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.14
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Abstract: Geographical names give us lots of noteworthy information about the historical, geographical, political, economic, religious, cultural, etc. picture of a denotation. Due to this the onomastic data are the valuable sources to study the history, language, dialectology, geography, geology, archeology and ethnography of a country. In Georgia one hardly find a small place without a name. Towns, hamlets, villages, groves, gardens, vineyards, arable fields, hills, mountains, water, grassland, former settlements and sometimes trees, rocks and large rocks are given names. Researchers interested in geographical names accept two basic ways of origin of toponyms: 1. either via the toponimization of appellatives without derivation (which is called semantic word-formation: changing of a lexeme’s status, while the form remains unchangeable) or derivation: 2.transonimization of proper names: transition from one onymic class to another as well as transtoponimization, transhydronimization, and a transoikonymization, etc. The toponyms originated via the first (toponimization) method is called the primary toponyms, and the ones originated via the second (transonimization) method - secondary toponyms. The research goal is to study an author’s interpretation and semantic properties of the geographic names of hagiographic works and historical sources of the 5-10th cc. In the sources under research the authors give us not only the information on the location of any geographic object, but they offer a noteworthy explanation of some toponyms and microtoponyms as well. An author’s etymology has extra linguistic and linguistic character and therefore it is of scientific importance, the motivation - persuasive. Existing standpoints on location and explanation of some geographical names (Darialani, Tsertaisni, Satakhve, Zarzma, Garedja, Divri, Tskhenistsqali) are represented in comment form. On the basis of analyzed material the paper demonstrates that the ancient Georgian artistic and historical written sources show the ways and means of origin of toponyms. The cited episodes highlight the basic principle of toponymic word-derivation - the contents of a name is relevant to an object’s name. This is achieved via the following the grammatical means: 1. elision (either determinatum or determinandum component is elided: tsertaisni ! adgilni tsertaisni; bakta ! adgili bakta). 2. derivation (Sataxve – structurally it is a derived form); 3. word-amalgamation (Sheshistavi, Zarzma, Gareja… are structurally compound two-component entries).
Abstract: Geographical names give us lots of noteworthy information about the historical, geographical, political, economic, religious, cultural, etc. picture of a denotation. Due to this the onomastic data are the valuable sources to study the history, language, dialectology, geography, geology, archeology and ethnography of a country. In Georgia one hardly...
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Role of Irrigation Farming in the Perspective Development of Agriculture in Samtskhe Region
Besik Kalandadze
,
Vazha Trapaidze
,
Lamzira Lagidze
,
Zurab Laoshvili
,
Ilia Kalandadze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 13-18
Received: 30 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 2 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.13
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Abstract: The most important branch of economy in Samtskhe region is agriculture, and the region has quite a high potential of agricultural production. This is evidenced by the quite fruitful and diversified types of soil in the region. In respect of productivity, brown forest soils, brown meadow, grey-brown and forest sierozems in Samtskhe, with most of the agricultural plots located over them are particularly fruitful. The small irrigation channels here are similar to those found all over Georgia and in the mountainous regions of Caucasus. Their sizes, structure, water conducting capacity and irrigation efficiency are relevant to the conditions of a mountainous relief. The conducting capacity of the irrigation channels is little, and most of the channels have ground or exposed beds. Provided the melioration system is put to order and by considering the fruitful soils spread in the region it will be possible to boost the agricultural productivity significantly.
Abstract: The most important branch of economy in Samtskhe region is agriculture, and the region has quite a high potential of agricultural production. This is evidenced by the quite fruitful and diversified types of soil in the region. In respect of productivity, brown forest soils, brown meadow, grey-brown and forest sierozems in Samtskhe, with most of the...
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Anthropological Researches by Academician Aleksandre Javakhishvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 8-12
Received: 30 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 2 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.12
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Abstract: Aleksandre Javakhishvili, a Georgian scientist of the beginning of the XX has established quite high standards in research methodology of Anthropology. He was the first who studied Kartvelian (Georgian) ethnographic (Kartlian, Kakhetian, Gurian, Mingrelian, Imeretian, Rachian, Mtiuletian) groups by use of different fields of sciences (History, Geography, Linguistics, Ethnology). He formulated a programme for researches in the Caucasian Anthropology; raised an issue of the necessity to found a scientific-public organization that would systematically study the anthropology of the Caucasus and its neighboring regions; he was the first who marked the autochthony of the Caucasian race; distinguished the western, eastern and metamorphic anthropologic types among Georgians; studied the dolichocephalism among Georgians; carried out researches about the local peculiarities of the settlements in the Georgian Caucasus and geographical distribution of the population.
Abstract: Aleksandre Javakhishvili, a Georgian scientist of the beginning of the XX has established quite high standards in research methodology of Anthropology. He was the first who studied Kartvelian (Georgian) ethnographic (Kartlian, Kakhetian, Gurian, Mingrelian, Imeretian, Rachian, Mtiuletian) groups by use of different fields of sciences (History, Geog...
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Some Urgent Issues of Georgia’s Geography
Nodar Elizbarashvili
,
Giorgi Meladze
,
Maia Meladze
,
David Svanadze
,
Lizi Gadrani
,
Josef Lazarashvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 5-1, September 2015
Pages: 1-7
Received: 30 May 2015
Accepted: 1 June 2015
Published: 2 July 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040501.11
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Abstract: Geography is facing new challenges in Georgia. On the one hand, it is related to evaluation of current condition of the country and its geo-ecological issues, and on the other hand, the requirements of practice and the prospects of socio-economic development. The requirements of practice imply several urgent issues such as new orientation of the land use and the optimal use of the region's natural-resource potential, demographic stability and development of mountainous areas. The prospects of the country’s development include the urgent issues such as global environmental problems and prediction of geo-system conditions, development of military geography and planning of environmentally strained areas. In order to present and solve these problems effectively, Georgian School of Geography should play a key role, which will become a prerequisite for its further development.
Abstract: Geography is facing new challenges in Georgia. On the one hand, it is related to evaluation of current condition of the country and its geo-ecological issues, and on the other hand, the requirements of practice and the prospects of socio-economic development. The requirements of practice imply several urgent issues such as new orientation of the la...
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